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Contents -- Antenna Factors Indoor Loss Ground Clutter Terrain Radio Horizon Summary
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Factors often overlooked that may explain why a TV signal is weaker than expected.
| ANTENNA FACTORS |
|---|
Beam Loss
Beam loss occurs when the receive antenna is not directly aligned to the broadcast signal. Signals aligned directly (0°) to the antenna get the maximum gain (no beam loss). Gain decreases slightly with angle up to the beam edge. At the beam edge gain is down by -3 dB. Past the beam edge gain drops dramatically. A moderate gain antenna beam edge is about ± 60° off center -- a 120° beam. Also see TV Antenna's.
| Antenna | Beam |
|---|---|
| Moderate Gain | 120° |
| High Gain | 90° |
| Very High Gain | 30° |
Antenna Gain Varies
Antenna gain varies with frequency (RF channel). The higher the RF channel the higher the frequency and the greater the gain. Advertised gains are usually the highest frequency gain. The gain maximum to minimum difference can be as low as 3 dB , or as high as 6 dB or more.
Polarization Loss
Polarization is the broadcast antenna signal electric field orientation. Polarization loss occurs when the transmit antenna does not match the receive antenna polarization. Virtually all home antenna's and many broadcast antenna' are horizontally polarized. Some broadcast use circular polarization for better signal propagation in a cluttered environment. When a mismatch occurs, the receive antenna loss is around 3 dB.
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Worse case main beam scenario is a 12 dB loss. In many cases a 3 or 6 dB loss is typical.
Broadcast Pattern Loss
Broadcast antenna patterns can be omni directional (broadcast equally in all directions - 360°), or directional. Receive antenna's outside a directional broadcast main beam will receive less power. The loss can be a few dB to 10's of dB's.
| INDOOR LOSS |
|---|
Attic Antenna
Attic mount loss is at least -3 dB for a 3/4 inch plywood roof covered with roofing paper and one layer of 3 tab asphalt shingles. Metal backed insulation in the attic or walls and metal exhaust vents and air ducts all block signals.
Room Antenna
Walls, floors, ceilings, roofs, doors, windows, appliances, furniture, and partitions will reduce a signal. Wall insulation without a metal backing has a minor loss, a fraction of a dB. Metal backed insulation, metal siding, awnings, doors. screens, air ducts, and water pipes will block / reflect a signal.
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Loss estimates are for UHF frequencies. VHF is less lossy, by 1 or 2 dB or more.
| GROUND CLUTTER |
Ground Clutter
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Any object at or above your antenna elevation will cause signal reduction. Structures and trees can measurability reduce or block signals. Signal loss is extremely difficult to predict.
Signal loss due to trees can be roughly estimated from empirical data. Trees without foliage (in winter) may have slightly less loss (about 1 dB) at UHF frequencies.
| Loss Due to Trees | ||
|---|---|---|
| Distance feet | VHF dB | UHF dB |
| 20' | 3 | 4 |
| 40' | 4 | 6 |
| 60' | 5 | 8 |
| 80' | 6 | 9 |
| 100' | 7 | 11 |
| 120' | 8 | 12 |
| 140' | 8 | 13 |
| 160' | 9 | 14 |
| 180' | 10 | 15 |
| 200' | 10 | 16 |
Wire or metal mesh (wired glass window, chicken wire, chain link fence, etc.) will completely block a signal if openings are small enough. Openings smaller than a quarter wavelength will completely block a signal, just as solid metal. Higher frequencies pass through smaller openings.
| Openings > 1/4 Wavelength will not block signals | ||
| RF Ch | Quarter Wave | Band |
|---|---|---|
| 69 | 3.7 inches | UHF |
| 51 | 4.2 inches | |
| 14 | 6,2 inches | |
| 13 | 1.2 feet | VHF |
| 2 | 4.3 feet | |
Also see Quarter Wave Calculator.
| TERRAIN FACTORS |
|---|
Terrain Masking
Terrain masking is always a concern, but is especially problematic for UHF channels. Terrain features can completely block a signal. Broadcast tower Antenna MSL (height above Mean Sea Level) is used to trace signal path for terrain interference. In the below illustration the broadcast antenna is listed as 1200 meters MSL. Elevated terrain (a mountain) blocks a direct path to the receive antenna. Past the mountain a VHF signal spreads more than a UHF signal.
Terrain Loss
The free space region between the broadcast and receive antenna's should be clear of obstructions. The region is shaped like an ellipsoid (a cartoon cigar shape). Near the antenna the region's radius is a couple of wavelengths, or about 4 to 30 feet radius (UHF to VHF). The free space region is largest at the midpoint.
r = 273.85 (dkm / fMHz)0.5
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| r | = Mid Point Radius |
| dkm | = Distance (Range) in kilometers |
| fMHz | = Frequency in Megahertz |
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The free space radius depends on distance (range) between antenna's, and frequency. The lower the frequency and the greater the distance, the larger the radius. Hills, mountains, antenna close to ground, or distances over about 20 miles will introduce a terrain loss of 4 - 12 dB or more.
| RADIO HORIZON |
|---|
Broadcast tower ground elevation and tower height determine the radio horizon, locations outside the horizon don't get a signal near ground level. The radio horizon is greater than the visual (optical) horizon. In the atmosphere radio waves bend slightly upward increasing the range, light waves do not bend (very much). In a free space vacuum radio and light waves propagate in a straight line.
Using a Smooth Earth Model (0 meters MSL) the radio horizon varies from about 10 miles for a 15 meters (50 feet) tower to over 60 miles for a 600 meters (about 2000 feet) tower. Broadcast towers are usually located on the highest ground possible, increasing horizon range. One tower in Denver is 6000 feet, over a mile, above the mile high city. Elevating the receive antenna can increase reception range, if the signal is strong enough.
Radio Horizon Calculators
Sea Level Smooth Earth Model
| Calculate Radio Horizon |
|---|
| Antenna Height (ht or hr) Horizon |
| Calculate Antenna Height |
|---|
| Radio Horizon Antenna Height |
Radio horizon calculations are based on the 4/3's earth radius model.
Locations above sea level will have a greater radio horizon compared to sea level.
| SUMMARY |
|---|
An antenna mounted 30 feet above the ground in a flat open field with a clear line-of-sight and directly aligned to the broadcast tower could receive a signal near expected. In practice a 3 - 6 dBDavid bowie greatest hits youtube. additional loss is not uncommon.
Source and Approximate Loss
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Beam loss, terrain masking, attic mount, and radio horizon loss can be estimated. Room antenna loss is more difficult to predict. Ground clutter and terrain loss are often difficult or impossible to estimate.
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Top| Over-the-Air Digital TV (OTA DTv) Signal Factors otadtv.com/factors |